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Browsers

Browsers and the history of these great tools

All About Browsers

Virtually everyone uses browsers. One could argue that it’s probably one of the most used applications. Be it on a mobile device or a desktop. If you need to look up a place, you probably will look it up using a particular browser to give you that service, such as Google maps. That way, you can use browsers to search for information, browse, learn, and communicate with other people.

I can’t even imagine my life sometimes without browsers and browsing. Browsers today are a part of our lives and our days because we need them to do many daily things and activities.

Browsers have made our lives way more accessible than how it was before they existed. Sometimes, you might start wondering how browsers were built. Also, how do they work? Or you may sometimes wonder about the history of browsers. This blog focuses on the basics of browsers.

Software Application

A web browser is a software application for retrieving, presenting, and traversing information resources on the World Wide Web. The World Wide Web (WWW) is an information system that connects documents to other documents by hypertext links. Also, it enables the user to search for information by moving from one document to another. You can jump from one document to another by clicking on their hot spots.

History of Browsers

1984 – Did The Journey of Browsers Begin Here?

In 1984, expanding on ideas from futurist Ted Nelson, Neil Larson’s commercial DOS Maxthink outline program added angle bracket hypertext jumps to and from ASCII, batch, and other Maxthink files 32 levels deep.

1986

In 1986 he released his DOS Houdini network browser program that supported 2500 topics. Also, it cross-connected 7500 l files along with hypertext links. The links were to external ASCII, batch, and other Houdini files

1987

In 1987, these capabilities were included in his then-popular shareware DOS file browser programs HyperRez (memory-resident) and P.C. Hypertext. These programs introduced many to the browser concept. And 20 years later, Google still lists 3,000,000 references to P.C. Hypertext. 

From 1987 on, he also created TransText (hypertext word processor) and many utilities for rapidly building large-scale knowledge systems.

In 1989, they helped produce a comprehensive knowledge system for one of the big eight accounting firms. This included integrating all accounting laws/regulations into a CDROM containing 50,000 files with 200,000 hypertext jumps. Additionally, the Lynx development history notes their project origin was based on the browser concepts from Neil Larson and Maxthink.

Also, in 1989, he declined to join the Mosaic browser team with his preference for knowledge/wisdom creation over distributing information, a problem he says is still not solved by today’s internet.

Another early browser, Silversmith, was created by John Bottoms in 1987. The browser used a tag set from the Electronic Document Project of the AAP with minor modifications and was sold to early adopters based on SGML tags. At the time, SGML was used exclusively for formatting printed documents. SGML for electronically displayed documents signaled a shift in electronic publishing and was met with considerable resistance.

Silversmith included an integrated indexer, full-text searches, hypertext links between images, text, and sound using SGML tags, and a return stack for use with hypertext links. It included features that are still not available in today’s browsers. These include capabilities such as the ability to restrict searches within document structures. In addition, searches on indexed documents using wildcards and the ability to search on tag attribute values and attribute names were part of this.

1988

Starting in 1988, Peter Scott and Earle Fogel expanded the earlier HyperRez concept by creating Hytelnet. This added jumps to telnet sites, which by 1990 offered users instant login and access to the online catalogs of over 5000 libraries worldwide. The strength of Hytelnet was speed and simplicity in link creation/execution at the expense of a centralized worldwide source. But, the invention of the web server solved this problem.

1989

In 1989, he created both HyperBBS and HyperLan, allowing multiple users to create/edit topics and jumps for information and knowledge annealing. In concept, the columnist John C. Dvorak says pre-dated Wiki by many years.

1990

In April 1990, a draft patent application for a mass-market consumer device for browsing pages via links “PageLink” was proposed by Craig Cockburn at Digital Equipment Co Ltd (DEC). This application for a keyboardless touch screen browser for consumers also makes reference to “navigating and searching text,” and “bookmarks” was aimed at “replacing books,” “storing a shopping list,” “has an updated personalized newspaper updated around the clock,” “dynamically updated maps for use in a car” and suggests such a device could have a “profound effect on the advertising industry.”

The patent was canned by Digital as too futuristic and, being largely hardware-based, had obstacles to market that purely software-driven approaches did not suffer from.

1996

Although Microsoft has since faced antitrust litigation on these charges, the browser wars ended once it was clear that Netscape’s declining market share trend was irreversible. In 1996, Netscape’s share of the browser market reached 86%, but Microsoft began integrating its browser with its operating system and bundling deals with OEMs. Within four years of its release, I.E. had 75% of the browser market, and by 1999 it had 99% of the market.

Before the release of Mac OS X, Internet Explorer for Mac and Netscape were the primary browsers in use on the Macintosh platform. Unable to continue funding its product’s development commercially, Netscape responded by open-sourcing its creation, creating Mozilla. This helped the browser maintain its technological edge over Internet Explorer but did not slow Netscape’s declining market share. American Online purchased Netscape in late 1998.

Opera -1996

Opera was first released in 1996. It is a popular choice in handheld devices, particularly mobile phones, but remains a niche player in the P.C. Web browser market. It is also available on Nintendo’s D.S., DS Lite, and Wii consoles. The Opera Mini browser uses the Presto Layout engine like all versions of Opera but runs on most phones supporting Java MIDlets. The Lynx browser remains popular for UNIX shell and vision-impaired users due to its entirely text-based nature. Several text-mode browsers with advanced features, such as w3m, Links (which can operate in text and graphical mode), and the Links forks such as Elinks.

2002

At first, the Mozilla project struggled to attract developers, but by 2002, it had evolved into a relatively stable and powerful Internet suite. Mozilla 1.0 was released to mark this milestone. Also, in 2002, a spinoff project that would eventually become the popular Firefox was released. Firefox was always downloadable for free from the start, as was its predecessor, the Mozilla browser. Unlike the business model of the 1990s Netscape, Firefox’s business model primarily consists of doing deals with search engines such as Google to direct users toward them.

2003

In 2003, Microsoft announced that Internet Explorer would no longer be made available as a separate product but would be part of the evolution of its Windows platform and that no more releases for the Macintosh would be made. AOL announced that it would retire the support and development of the Netscape web browser in February 2008.

2004

In the second half of 2004, Internet Explorer reached a peak market share of more than 92%. Since then, its market share has been slowly but steadily declining, around 11.8% as of July 2013. In early 2005, Microsoft reversed its decision to release Internet Explorer as part of Windows, announcing that a standalone version of Internet Explorer was under development. Internet Explorer 7 was released for Windows XP, Windows Server 2003, and Windows Vista in October 2006.

Browsers after 2009

Internet Explorer 8 was released on 19 March 2009 for Windows XP, Windows Server 2003, Windows Vista, Windows Server 2008, and Windows 7. Internet Explorer 9, 10, and 11 were later released, and version 11 is included in Windows 10, but Microsoft Edge became the default browser. Apple’s Safari, the default browser on Mac OS X from version 10.3 onwards, has grown to dominate browsing on Mac OS X. Browsers such as Firefox, Camino, Google Chrome, and OmniWeb are alternative browsers for Mac systems.

Safari, OmniWeb, and Google Chrome use the WebKit HTML rendering engine, which Apple packages as a framework for use by third-party applications. In August 2007, Apple also ported Safari to Windows XP and Vista operating systems.

Reference: https://visualwebz.com/website-developer-articles/website-browser-history.html

History of Browsers

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